Transformer Pressure Relief thiab Fault Detection Systems

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1. Taw qhia

 

Hauv cov roj-immersed transformers, kev hloov hauv siab yog ib feem ntawm kev ua haujlwm. Raws li cov roj transformer heats thiab txias thaum lub sij hawm thauj mus los, qhov chaw ntim roj hauv lub tank nthuav dav thiab sib cog lus, ua rau muaj kev hloov pauv siab nyob rau hauv lub kaw lus transformer. Raws li kev ua haujlwm ib txwm muaj, cov kev hloov siab no tshwm sim maj mam thiab feem ntau cuam tshuam nrog kev hloov pauv kub thiab hloov pauv hloov pauv.

Txawm li cas los xij, cov khoom siv hluav taws xob sab hauv tsim kom muaj kev coj cwj pwm sib txawv kiag li. Cov xwm txheej xws li winding tsis ua hauj lwm los yog sab hauv arcing tuaj yeem decompose cov roj insulating mus rau hauv cov roj, ua rau lub siab yoj hauv lub tank sai sai. Vim tias cov kev ua txhaum no- tsim cov siab nce siab tshwm sim nyob rau hauv milliseconds, transformers yuav tsum tsis tsuas yog lub siab nyem cov cuab yeej, tab sis kuj mob siab rau kev kuaj xyuas lub tshuab muaj peev xwm txheeb xyuas tus cwj pwm txawv txav ua ntej kev puas tsuaj tank tsis ua haujlwm.

Vim li no, niaj hnub transformer tiv thaiv systems feem ntau muab faib ua ob pawg loj:

• Siab nyem tshuab
• Fault detection systems

Qhov kev tiv thaiv txheej txheej no tau nthuav dav hauv IEEE C57 cov qauv thiab IEC 60076 transformer tsim kev coj ua.

 

2. Kev Tiv Thaiv Kev Ruaj Ntseg vs Kev Tshawb Fawb

 

Txawm hais tias cov ntsiab lus "siab nyem" thiab "fault detection" yog qee zaum siv sib hloov hauv kev lag luam transformer, lawv ua haujlwm sib txawv.

Lub tshuab hloov hluav taws xob siab nyem yog tsim los rau lub cev tso tawm ntau lub tank siab txhawm rau txhawm rau tiv thaiv cov khoom siv deformation lossis tawg ntawm lub tank transformer. Cov cuab yeej no teb feem ntau rau qhov siab loj thiab tsim lub hauv paus ntawm kev tiv thaiv kev tiv thaiv hluav taws xob.

Cov cuab yeej kuaj xyuas qhov tsis raug, ntawm qhov tod tes, saib xyuas qhov ceev lossis cov yam ntxwv ntawm kev hloov siab cuam tshuam nrog cov khoom siv hluav taws xob sab hauv. Es tsis txhob tso siab, lawv tsim lub tswb lossis cov cim kev mus ncig kom cais cov hloov pauv ntawm lub zog hluav taws xob.

Qhov kev sib txawv no dhau los ua qhov tseem ceeb dua li qhov loj ntawm qhov hloov pauv thiab qhov ua txhaum lub zog nce.

 

Table 1 – Qhov sib txawv ntawm Kev Tiv Thaiv Kev Ruaj Ntseg thiab Kev Tshawb Nrhiav Tsis Txaus

3. Transformer Pressure Relief Devices

 

3.1 Siab Relief Valve (PRV)​​​​​​​

Lub Pressure Release Valve yog tsim los tiv thaiv lub tank transformer tiv thaiv ntau dhau hauv siab. Thaum lub siab nyob rau hauv lub tank ncav cuag lub siab tso tawm, lub valve yuav qhib cia li tso cov roj kom txog thaum lub siab poob mus rau lub siab nyab xeeb. Tsis tas li ntawd, thaum twg tsim nyog, cov neeg siv tau tso cai rau manually khiav lub siab nyem valve nyob rau hauv daim ntawv thov transformer los ntawm rub lub nplhaib khiav hauj lwm los txo qhov siab sab hauv.

Raws li IEEE kev xyaum, qhov kev sib tsoo siab rau PRV transformer tsim yog kwv yees li 10 PSIG ± 2 PSIG, thaum CSA daim ntawv thov feem ntau siv qis qis. Tom qab lub siab yog relieved, lub siab nyem valve nyob rau hauv transformer systems cia li reseals kom transformer tank kev ncaj ncees.

 

Vim nws txoj kev tsim kho yooj yim thiab txhim khu kev qha, PRV tau siv dav hauv:

• Ncej -mounted transformers
• Pad-mounted transformers
• Roj-raug faib transformers
• Me me substations

 

Piv nrog rau qhov loj dua transformer PRD systems, PRVs feem ntau nyiam rau qis dua kVA transformers qhov siab nce siab yog qhov nruab nrab thiab kwv yees. Nyob rau hauv ntau daim ntawv thov transformer, PRV valve nyob rau hauv transformer tso tsheb hlau luam tseem yog cov feem ntau daim ntawv ntawm yooj yim mechanical siab tiv thaiv.

3.2 Cov Khoom Siv Hluav Taws Xob (PRD)

Cov cuab yeej siv hluav taws xob siab (PRDs) ua haujlwm tseem ceeb tib lub hom phiaj xws li lub siab nyem li qub (PRVs): lawv tiv thaiv lub tank transformer los ntawm lub siab sab hauv. Hauv kev xyaum, txawm li cas los xij, PRDs feem ntau cuam tshuam nrog kev ntsuas lub zog loj dua. Koj ib txwm tsis pom PRD teeb tsa rau ntawm cov khoom siv hluav taws xob hauv qab no txog 1,500 kVA, txawm hais tias tsis muaj ib yam dab tsi tsis ncaj ncees lawm nrog kev siv ib qho ntawm cov chav me me yog tias daim ntawv thov xav tau.

PRDs feem ntau yog mounted rau sab saum toj ntawm lub transformer tank, qhov twg cov roj los yog siab buildup yuav tso tawm sai sai thaum lub sij hawm muaj teeb meem.

Cov ntsiab lus tuaj yeem ua rau tsis meej pem vim tias "cov cuab yeej siv zog" feem ntau yog siv los ua cov ntsiab lus kev lag luam rau ob qho tib si PRVs thiab PRDs. Feem ntau, PRVs tau siv rau ntawm cov khoom siv me me, thaum PRDs muaj ntau dua ntawm cov chav loj dua lossis cov ntawv thov uas xav tau cov lus teb sai dua thiab qhov ua txhaum.

Lub tshuab hluav taws xob siab nyem ua haujlwm zoo ib yam li PRV - txo qis sab hauv siab - tab sis feem ntau yog tsim los nrog lub peev xwm ntau dua, lub sij hawm teb ceev ceev, txhim khu kev qha resealing kev ua tau zoo, thiab xaiv lub tswb los yog saib xyuas cov haujlwm. Advanced PRD designs muab qhov tseeb qhib siab, lub sijhawm ua haujlwm luv luv, kev cia siab ntev - lub sijhawm ua haujlwm sab nraum zoov, thiab zoo sealing tiv thaiv ya raws, plua plav, thiab huab cua ingress, pab tswj lub tank zoo thiab txhim kho kev ua haujlwm ntawm lub tshuab hluav taws xob.

 

Ib qho txiaj ntsig tseem ceeb ntawm npog -mounted PRDs yog kev saib xyuas muaj peev xwm. Muaj ntau yam khoom siv hluav taws xob hloov hluav taws xob muaj xws li:

• Visual semaphores lossis cov cim ua haujlwm
• Tej thaj chaw deb tswb hu
• SCADA-kev soj ntsuam tau tshaj tawm

 

Qhov no ua rau PRDs tshwj xeeb tshaj yog tsim rau cov chaw siv hluav taws xob thiab cov tshuab hluav taws xob muaj hluav taws xob uas yuav tsum tau saib xyuas cov chaw taws teeb.

PRDs feem ntau siv rau hauv:

• Chav tsev substation transformers
• Nruab nrab fais fab transformers
• Fais fab loj transformers
• Utility substation transformers

 

Rau cov ntawv thov siv hluav taws xob loj dua, cov kws tsim khoom feem ntau xaiv cov khoom siv hluav taws xob hloov hluav taws xob hloov pauv me me PRV vim yog lub zog sab hauv thiab cov roj ntim ntau dua.

3.3 Repture Disc

Rupture discs feem ntau yog siv los ua cov khoom siv thaum muaj xwm txheej ceev kawg nkaus hauv siab -cov ntawv siv hluav taws xob transformer.

Tsis zoo li PRVs lossis tus qauv PRDs, rupture discs tsis yog -resettable pab kiag li lawm tsim los tawg tam sim ntawd thaum lub siab sab hauv mus txog ib qho tseem ceeb txwv. Lawv lub hom phiaj tseem ceeb yog los muab kev ua kom puv - thaj chaw ua pa thaum muaj kev puas tsuaj sab hauv.

 

Vim tias rupture discs yuav tsum tau hloov tom qab ua haujlwm, lawv feem ntau tshwj tseg rau:

• Fais fab loj transformers
• Rauv transformers
• Traction transformers
• High fault{0}}level industrial systems

Hauv kev xyaum ua engineering, rupture discs sawv cev rau qib siab tshaj plaws ntawm kev tiv thaiv kev ua haujlwm siab.

4. Transformer Fault Detection Devices

 

4.1 Internal Fault Detector (IFD)

Internal Fault Detectors (IFDs) yog siv dav rau ntawm ncej-mounted thiab ncoo-mounted transformers ua ib qho yooj yim tab sis muaj txiaj ntsig zoo ntawm kev nyab xeeb.

Ib qho IFD kuaj pom qhov nce siab hauv siab tshwm sim los ntawm arcing faults hauv lub tank transformer. Thaum qhib, lub teeb pom kev zoo nkauj ci ntsa iab tshwm, tso cai rau cov neeg siv hluav taws xob los txheeb xyuas tam sim ntawd tias lub tshuab hloov pauv tau ntsib qhov teeb meem sab hauv thiab yuav tsum tsis txhob rov ua dua - zog.

 

Ib qho txiaj ntsig tseem ceeb ntawm cov tshuab IFD niaj hnub no yog tias ntau qhov kev tsim qauv sib koom ua ke tus qauv IEEE lossis CSA ua raws PRV hauv cov khoom siv hluav taws xob sib txuas rau hauv tib lub cuab yeej, sib txuas:

• Siab nyem
• Qhov taw qhia yuam kev

nyob rau hauv ib tug compact qauv.

 

IFDs feem ntau siv hauv:

• Tib -theem ncej-mounted transformers
• Peb-theem ncej-mounted transformers
• Pad-mounted transformers
• Me me substation transformers

Piv nrog rau SPR systems, IFDs yog qhov yooj yim dua, kev lag luam ntau dua, thiab tshwj xeeb tshaj yog tsim rau kev faib tawm - cov ntawv thov qib.

4.2 Sudden Pressure Relay (SPR / RPR)

 

Cov tshuab no feem ntau siv hauv:

• Nruab nrab fais fab transformers
• Fais fab loj transformers
• Rectifier transformers
• Rauv transformers
• Traction transformers

 

Piv nrog IFDs, ceev ceev ceev relay tiv thaiv tshuab muab kev sib txuas hluav taws xob sai dua thiab tsim nyog rau kev siv hluav taws xob tseem ceeb thiab kev lag luam.

4.3 Buchholz Relay

Lub Buchholz relay yog roj- thiab roj- ntws- ua haujlwm tsis raug cov cuab yeej siv nyob rau hauv conservator- hom transformers.

Tsis zoo li SPR thiab IFD systems, uas teb feem ntau rau kev hloov pauv siab, Buchholz relays ntes cov kev ua txhaum sab hauv los ntawm:

• Gas txuam
• Roj surge zog

 

Lub relay feem ntau ua haujlwm hauv ob theem:

• Alarm rau incipient faults
• Kev mus ncig rau kev ua txhaum loj sab hauv

 

Buchholz relays tau siv dav hauv:

• Conservator-hom tsev substations
• Nruab nrab fais fab transformers
• Fais fab loj transformers

 

Vim tias lawv muaj peev xwm los tshawb nrhiav maj mam txhim kho qhov tsis raug ntawm rwb thaiv tsev, Buchholz relays tseem yog ib qho tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ntawm kev kuaj xyuas cov khoom siv hauv cov roj loj - puv transformers.

 

5​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​. Kev Tiv Thaiv Hierarchy hauv Engineering Practice

 

Hauv daim ntawv thov transformer tiag tiag, cov khoom siv no tsis siv sib npaug ntawm txhua chav kawm transformer. Hloov chaw, kev tiv thaiv kev tiv thaiv tau nce zuj zus ntxiv raws li qhov hloov pauv loj thiab lub zog yuam kev nce ntxiv.

 

Table 2 – Cov cuab yeej tiv thaiv ib txwm siv los ntawm Transformer Class

Cov txheej txheem txheej txheej no qhia txog lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm engineering uas kev tiv thaiv kev hloov pauv hloov pauv los ntawm cov txheej txheem kev ua haujlwm siab rau kev sib xyaw ua ke ntawm cov tshuab thiab hluav taws xob tiv thaiv.

6. Cov lus xaus

 

Niaj hnub nimno transformer kev ruaj ntseg tsim yog raws li kev sib koom tes ntawm lub siab nyem thiab kev kuaj xyuas lub tshuab tsis yog kev cia siab rau ib qho khoom siv.

PRVs thiab PRDs muab kev tswj xyuas cov cuab yeej siab nyem thaum lub sijhawm ua haujlwm ib txwm muaj thiab txawv txav. Rupture discs muab kev tiv thaiv thaum muaj xwm ceev kawg thaum muaj kev puas tsuaj loj. IFDs thiab cov tshuab hluav taws xob tam sim ntawd pom lub siab nce siab tshwm sim los ntawm cov hluav taws xob sab hauv, thaum Buchholz relays saib xyuas cov roj tsim thiab cov roj txav cuam tshuam nrog kev tsim cov rwb thaiv tsev tsis ua haujlwm.

Ua ke, cov khoom siv no tsim muaj ntau- txheej txheej kev tiv thaiv hluav taws xob uas txhim kho kev ua haujlwm kev ntseeg siab, kev nyab xeeb ntawm cov neeg ua haujlwm, thiab muaj peev xwm cais tawm ntawm kev faib tawm, kev lag luam, thiab kev siv hluav taws xob.